Copyright 2003 by The American Institute of Architects (AIA)
Exclusively published and distributed by Architectural Computer Services, Inc. (ARCOM) for the AIA

SECTION 15471 - WATER FILTRATION EQUIPMENT

EDITING INSTRUCTIONS

The following editing instructions relate directly to specific parts of the Section Text where they are referenced by the applicable Editing Instruction No. in the editor's notes:

Manufacturers and products named in MASTERSPEC Sections are neither recommended nor endorsed by the American Institute of Architects or ARCOM. Before retaining names, verify that products correspond with other requirements and are both available and suitable for the applications indicated.

In ISO 6708, dimension nominal (DN) is a numerical designation of size common to all components in a piping system other than components designated by outside diameters or by thread size. DN is like nominal pipe size (NPS) in that it is a convenient round number for reference purposes and is only loosely related to manufacturing dimensions. See the Evaluations in Division 2 Section "Piped Utilities - Basic Materials and Methods" for further discussion. Refer to MASTERMETRIC for style guidance for units of measure presentations.

GENERAL COMMENTS

Water contains varying amounts of suspended solids such as sand and grit. These impurities should be removed or reduced by water filtration equipment, including separators, because they can be harmful to the moving parts of pumps, valves, and other equipment. Large suspended solids may be removed by strainers, which are specified in two Division 15 Sections, "Basic Mechanical Materials and Methods" and "Hydronic Piping." Water also contains gas and liquid particles. These impurities should be removed or reduced by water filtration equipment to improve odor, color, and taste, as is required for potable water, or because they can be harmful to hydronic piping and equipment.

Water filters remove suspended and dissolved particles as water passes through a filter medium (bag, element, or media bed).

Separators remove particles by a combination of centrifugal and gravity actions.

If pure water is essential for special applications such as food processing, hospitals, and laundries, water filtration equipment may be used with other equipment to attain purity. Techniques include coagulation and filtration, demineralization, reverse osmosis, ozone and ultraviolet disinfection, softening, ultrafiltration, and chemical treatment. These processes and their associated equipment can be used separately or with a filter to get desired results. A study can determine if an equipment mix is cost-effective. Deionization, disinfection, reverse osmosis, softening, and chemical treatment systems are not specified in this Section.

PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS

Terminology used in this Section is based on ASTM International's and other associations' definitions of terms for water filtration.

Feed or Feedwater: Water, including suspended particles (gaseous or solid matter), before filtration.

Filter: Equipment or device, with filter medium and housing, for separating and containing particles from feedwater. There are three broad categories of filters:

Multimedia filters include carbon and sand filters.

Screen filters are a variation of strainers and are not included in this Section.

Surface filters include bag-type and cartridge filters, and some carbon and sand filters.

Filter Medium: Permeable material in the filter. There are two classifications for filter medium:

Granular type includes multimedia carbon filters and multimedia sand filters.

Membrane type includes preformed bag-type filters and preformed cartridge filters.

Filtrate: Water that has been filtered.

Filtration: Separation of particles from feedwater by passing through filter medium.

Filtration Efficiency: Percent of suspended particles retained by the filter.

Particle: Small bit of liquid or solid matter.

Permeability: Filter medium property that permits water to pass.

Porosity: Ratio of filter void to total volume.

Filter manufacturers use the term micron for particle size. This Section uses the term micrometer instead of micron.

Water filtration equipment may be designed for gravity or pressure operation. All water filtration equipment in this Section is the pressure type. This Section includes the following equipment for removing suspended particles from domestic and hydronic water systems:

Bag-type filters have a felt, filament, or mesh filter bag made of single- or multilayer cotton, polyester, polypropylene, or other media, supported by a perforated basket in a housing. Housings usually are stainless steel. Bag-type filters are suitable for removing particles that are from 0.01 to 0.85 mm (10 to 850 micrometers). Bags should be discarded after specified life.

Cartridge filters have one or more elements made of activated or ground charcoal, cotton, pleated or wound polyester or polypropylene, or other media. Filter elements are disposable. Housings (the cartridges) may be plastic, but units for multiple elements or commercial applications usually are stainless steel. Cartridge filters are suitable for removing particles that are from less than 1 to 100 micrometers. Elements should be discarded after specified life.

Carbon filters have activated or ground charcoal that is used to remove chlorine and other suspended gas particles from feedwater. Housings are carbon steel, fiberglass-reinforced plastic (FRP), or stainless steel. Filter media should be backwashed and returned to service after the specified interval. Carbon filters eventually must be reactivated by new media.

Sand filters usually have a tank of carbon steel or FRP with multiple layers of media material that trap solids in the feedwater. Water enters the top of the tank and flows down through the layers of filter media. A typical multimedia sand filter will have a top layer of anthracite, a middle layer of sand, and a bottom layer of garnet. Trapped solids are flushed out of the tank by backwashing. Using water meters, sand filters can be set to backwash after a fixed total volume or to backwash at fixed time intervals. Sand filters are usually suitable for removing particles that are from 25 to 45 micrometers but may be used to remove particles as small as 5 micrometers. Filters media should be backwashed after the specified interval.

Circulating sand filters use layers of sand and a circulating pump. Operation, including backwash, is automatic.

Multimedia sand filters use layers of sand and gravel and other media such as anthracite and garnet.

Greensand filters use layers of a natural or artificial media called greensand that has a coating to help remove iron, manganese, and sulfur.

Separators are centrifugal-gravity water filtration equipment that removes suspended solids, such as sand, from feedwater by centrifugal separation; they are made of carbon steel or stainless steel and include a baffle, filter, or coalescing surface. High-velocity water enters the separator tangentially causing the heavier-than-water particles to cling to the sides or baffles and drop to the bottom of the separator where they are purged or bled from the separator. The solids-free water is drawn into the low-pressure central area and up through the outlet.

Pressure drop through filters can be used to determine when bags or elements should be replaced, when carbon filters should be replaced or reactivated, and when sand filters should be backwashed.

PRODUCT SELECTION AND APPLICATION CONSIDERATIONS

General: Determine the requirement for water filtration equipment in the initial design phase of a project. Consider the characteristics of the raw-water supply available at the Project site; these may be ascertained by water analysis testing. A water-treatment management firm can test water samples, select the process, and size equipment to give optimum performance. Design information required includes the system peak flow rate in gallons per minute (liters per second) and the maximum permissible pressure drop. These data can be computerized.

Water Analysis: Public water utilities may be able to provide characteristics of the water at the Project site. Well-water characteristics for water ordinarily found in that geographical area may be obtained from local well drillers.

Water Characteristics: Public water utilities must comply with the National Safe Drinking Water Act for contaminant levels, but no mandatory standards are established for further filtration.

Sizes of some contaminant particles that may be suitable for filtration by equipment in this Section are as follows:

Asbestos: 0.05 to 1 micrometer.

Bacteria: 0.2 to 10 micrometers.

Beach Sand: 95 micrometers and larger.

Carbon Black: 0.01 to 0.3 micrometer.

Cement Dust: 3 to 100 micrometers.

Clay: 2.5 micrometers and smaller.

Coarse Sand: 225 micrometers and larger.

Fine Dust: 0.4 to 100 micrometers.

Fine Sand: 19 to 225 micrometers.

Granular Activated Charcoal: 250 micrometers and larger.

Hair: 30 to 175 micrometers.

Pulverized Coal: 4 to 500 micrometers.

Silt: 2 to 19 micrometers.

Talc: 0.5 to 55 micrometers.

Visible: 55 micrometers and larger.

Water filtration equipment in this Section is generally suitable for removing particles about 10 micrometers and larger. Some filters may be suitable for removing particles 1 micrometer or even smaller. Manufacturers' product data should be reviewed before making equipment selection. Select equipment for the following general applications and ranges:

Use bag-type or cartridge filters for economy; however, these filters require frequent replacement of bags or elements.

Use membrane-type, bag-type filters for a low flow rate and to remove sediment particles larger than 10 micrometers from feedwater.

Use membrane-type cartridge filters for a low flow rate and to remove particles 1 micrometer and larger from feedwater.

Use activated charcoal or other carbon elements to improve the taste and odor of water.

Use pleated or wound elements to remove sediment from water.

Use carbon filters to remove turbidity and odors from feedwater and to improve its taste and color. Carbon filters can support bacteria growth so must be cleaned frequently. They also gradually loose adsorptive capacity so must be periodically replaced or reactivated. Carbon filters usually are not suitable for solid particle removal but should be able to remove particles 20 micrometers and larger.

Use sand filters for high flow rates and to remove sediment and particles 25 micrometers and larger. For special applications, it is common practice to use sand filters to remove particles as small as 5 to 10 micrometers.

Use circulating sand filters to remove sediment from cooling-tower basins, fountains, and other open-loop piping systems. These filters are usually called sidestream filters because they use a pump to circulate a small portion of the water to and from an open basin or other body of water. Filters that filter the entire flow in the piping are called mainstream filters.

Use multimedia sand filters to remove turbidity, sand, and grit from feedwater. Some units are capable to remove particles as small as 5 micrometers.

Use greensand filters to remove iron, manganese, and sulfur particles from feedwater. Some units are able to remove particles as small as 10 micrometers.

Use separators to remove grit, sand, and other large solids 45 micrometers and larger from feedwater. Particles must be heavier than water to settle. Some separators can remove particles as small as 5 micrometers. Do not oversize separators because operation requires high velocity flow to create centrifugal force for separation. Do not undersize separators because very high velocity will carry particles out with the clear water. The best service is obtained when particles have a specific gravity of at least 1.8 and pressure drop through the separator is about 5 psig (34.5 kPa).

Use multiple units for increased capacity.

Allot enough space within the building to house the equipment and store a supply of replacement filter media.

ENERGY CONSIDERATIONS

Water filtration equipment does not use energy other than the power necessary to operate electric controls. A water booster pump may be required because of the large pressure drop through the equipment.

SEISMIC CONSIDERATIONS

Equipment installed in areas requiring seismic bracing must have bracing designed to applicable building codes. Local codes normally define design forces that must be resisted by mechanical systems. Seismic restraints should be designed by a professional engineer.

Supports for water filtration equipment in seismic areas must be strong enough, when they are attached to the building, to support the tanks, filter materials, and water and to resist movement during a seismic event.

Design filter tank supports for seismic protection in areas subject to seismic events. Secure tank supports to the floor and include piping, specialty, and accessory restraints.

METRIC RATIONALE

See the Metric Appendix in the Evaluations in Division 15 Section "Basic Mechanical Materials and Methods" for SI (metric) pipe sizes.

REFERENCED STANDARDS

Publication dates represent the editions on which the current Section Text is based. Standards are revised periodically, which may occur before this Section is updated.

American Water Works Association

AWWA C606-97: Grooved and Shouldered Joints

ASME International

ASME B.1.20.1-83 (Reaffirmed 2001): Pipe Threads, General Purpose (Inch)

ASME B16.1-98: Cast Iron Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings

ASME B16.5-96: Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings

2001 ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code: Section VIII, "Pressure Vessels," Division 1; Section IX, "Welding and Brazing Qualifications"; Section X, "Fiber-Reinforced Plastic Pressure Vessels"

ASTM International

ASTM B 88-99: Specification for Seamless Copper Water Tube

ASTM B 88M-99: Specification for Seamless Copper Water Tube [Metric]

ASTM B 584-00: Specification for Copper Alloy Sand Castings for General Applications

ASTM D 5421-00: Contact Molded "Fiberglass" (Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Thermosetting Resin) Flanges

Hydraulic Institute

HI 1.1-1.2-00: Centrifugal Pumps for Nomenclature and Definitions

HI 1.3-00: Centrifugal Pumps for Design and Applications

National Electrical Manufacturers Association

NEMA 250-97: Enclosures for Electrical Equipment (1000 Volts Maximum)

NFPA International

NFPA 70-02: National Electrical Code

NSF International

NSF 61-01: Drinking Water System Components - Health Effects; Sections 1 through 9

Underwriters Laboratories Inc.

UL 778-96: Motor-Operated Water Pumps

REFERENCES

The following publications are useful in specifying water filtration equipment. Other references may be needed for design purposes.

Association Publications

American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers. 1999 ASHRAE Handbook - HVAC Applications. Atlanta: ASHRAE 1999. (Ch. 47, "Water Treatment")

American Society of Plumbing Engineers. ASPE Data Book. Chicago: ASPE. (Ch. 28, "Water Treatment." 1994) (8614 W. Catalpa Ave., Suite 1007-1009, Chicago, Il 60656-1116; 773-693-2773)

_____. Advanced Plumbing Technology. 1984. (Ch. 5, "Water Treatment Equipment")

_____. Practical Plumbing Engineering. 1998. (Ch. 1, "Water Quality and Treatment")

_____. 1999 Data Book, Volume 2 - Special Plumbing Systems. 2000. (Ch. 11, "Water Treatment, Conditioning, and Purification")

American Water Works Association. Water Quality and Treatment. 4th ed. Denver: AWWA, 1999. (Ch. 8, "Filtration")

_____. AWWA B100: Filtering Material. 1996.

Magazine Articles

"A New Spin on Fluids Filtration." Processing Supplement, Filtration/Separation Handbook 2002 edition: 12+.

Ballanco, Julius, P.E. "Looking at Water Treatment Systems." PM Engineer August 2002: 23+.

Cartwright, Peter S., P.E. "Microorganism Contamination of Residential Drinking Water - A Global Problem." Plumbing Standards April - June 1997: 6+.

"Changing Filter Elements." Processing Supplement, Filtration/Separation Handbook 2002 edition: 20+."

Delenikos, Randy. "Cooling-Tower Filtration: Three Steps to Success." HPAC Engineering May 2002: 25+.

"Filter Bag Guarantees." Processing Supplement, Filtration/Separation Handbook 2002 edition: 8+.

George, Ron, CIPE. "Swimming Pool Design Considerations." Plumbing Engineer June 2002: 26+.

Janas, Jane J. "Validation of High Efficiency Fluid Filtration." Separation & Filtration Systems January/February 1996: 12+.

Latzer, Kenneth. "Benefits of Clean Water for Cooling Towers." ASHRAE Journal September 2002: 44+.

Megonnell, Neal. "The Great Activated Carbon Dilemma." Pollution Engineering September 2002: 26+.

Sakaji, Richard H. "Who's Looking After Alternative Filtration Technologies for Small Water Systems? - Part 1." Journal AWWA October 2002: 42+.

Sakaji, Richard H., and Stephen A. Tanner. "Who's Looking After Alternative Filtration Technologies for Small Water Systems? - Part 2." Journal AWWA November 2002: 36+.

Van De Weghe, A. R. "Glossary of Filtration Terms." Separation & Filtration Systems January/February 1995: 8+.

Walter, Jan. "Choosing the Best Filtration Method for Your Liquid Processing Applications." Processing Supplement, Filtration/Separation Handbook 2000 edition: 11+.

Wingfield, Tom, P.E., and James Schaefer, P.E. "Cleaner Purer Water." Pollution Engineering September 2002: 29+.

Books

Barnstead/Thermolyne Corp. Water Book. Dubuque: Barnstead/Thermolyne Corp., 1997.

Chen, W. F., ed. Civil Engineering Handbook. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 1995. (Ch. 8.6, "Filtration")

Frankel, Michael, CIPE. Facility Piping Systems Handbook. 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2002. (Ch. 3, "Solid-Liquid Separation and Interceptors" and Ch. 4, "Water Treatment and Purification")

Mays, Larry W., ed. Water Resources Handbook. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1996. (Ch. 17.6, "Water Treatment Systems")

Stein, Benjamin, and John S. Reynolds, eds. Mechanical and Electrical Equipment for Buildings. 9th ed. New York: Wiley & Sons, 1999. (Part III, "Water and Waste," Ch. 11, "Filtration")

Web Sites

American National Standards Association: www.ansi.org

American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers: www.ashrae.com

American Society of Plumbing Engineers: www.aspe.org

American Society of Sanitary Engineering: www.asse-plumbing.org

American Water Works Association: www.awwa.org

ASME International: www.asme.org

ASTM International: www.astm.org

Cooling Technology Institute: www.cti.org

National Drinking Water Clearinghouse: www.ndwc.wvu.edu

National Testing Laboratories, Inc.: www.ntllabs.com

NSF International: www.nsf.org

PlumbingHVAC.com: www.plumbinghvac.com

Processing Magazine: www.processingmagazine.com

ULTRAPURE WATER Journal: www.ultrapurewater.com

The Water Quality Association: www.wqa.org

Water Quality Products Magazine: www.waterinfocenter.com

LISTED MANUFACTURERS

The list of manufacturers is neither a recommendation for the companies nor an endorsement of their products. Verify manufacturers' capability to comply with indicated requirements each time the Section Text is edited.

Alamo Water Treatment
Naperville, IL
(800) 228-9326; (630) 961-5043
www.alamowaterind.com

Campbell Manufacturing, Inc.
Bechtelsville, PA
(800) 523-0224
www.campbellmfg.com

Columbia Water Conditioning Systems, Inc.
Lincoln, UT
(801) 785-5860
www.columbia-water.com

CSI
A Division of Chandler Systems, Inc.
Ashland, OH
(419) 281-5767
www.chandlersystemsinc.com

Culligan International Company
Northbrook, IL
(847) 205-6000
www.culligan.com

CUNO Incorporated
Churubusco, IN
(800) 243-6894; (219) 693-2141
www.cuno.com

Cycron Corporation
Gardena, CA
(310) 631-5900
www.cycron.com

Diamond Water Conditioning
Hortonville, WI
(800) 236-8931; (920) 779-9940
www.diamondh2o.com

Diamond Water Systems, Inc.
Holyoke, MA
(800) 245-6601; (413) 536-8186
www.diamondwater.com

Eagle Spring Filtration, Inc.
Daytona Beach, FL
(800) 881-7620; (386) 239-7620
www.eaglespring.com

EcoWater Systems, Inc.
St. Paul, MN
(800) 808-9899; (651) 739-5330
www.ecowater.com

Eden Equipment Co.
Huntington Beach, CA
(800) 842-5081; (714) 842-8181
www.edenexcel.com

Environmental Dynamics Corporation
Sharon, WI
(262) 736-4211
www.edcw.com

Everfilt
Mira Loma, CA
(800) 360-8380; (909) 360-8380
www.everfilt.com

Everpure, Inc.
Northbrook, IL
(800) 323-7873
www.everpure.com

Fairey Industrial Ceramics Ltd.
c/o Ceramic Filters Company, Inc.
Onsted, MI
(888) 236-8586; (517) 467-4788
www.ceramicfilters.com

Filpro Corporation
West Point, PA
(800) 324-8940; (215) 646-5800
www.filpro.com

Filter Specialists, Inc.
Michigan City, IN
(800) 348-3205; (219) 879-3307
www.fsifilters.com

Filterspun
A Div. of Service Filtration Corp.
Amarillo, TX
(800) 432-0108; (806) 383-3840
www.filterspun.com

Filtration Systems
Div. of Mechanical Mfg. Corporation
Sunrise, FL
(954) 572-2700
www.filtrationsystems.com

Filtrine Manufacturing Company
Drinking Water Division
Keene, NH
(800) 930-3367
www.filtrine.com

Filtronics, Inc.
Anaheim, CA
(714) 630-5040
www.filtronics.com

Flint & Walling, Inc.
Subsidiary of Zoeller Co.
Kendallville, IN
(800) 345-9422; (219) 347-1600
www.flintandwalling.com

Flowmatic Systems, Inc.
Dunnellon, FL
(800) 461-4406; (352) 465-2000
www.flowmatic.com

Graver Technologies
Liquid Filter Products
Glasgow, DE
(302) 731-1700
www.gravertechnologies.com

Griswold Controls
Irvine, CA
(949) 559-6000
www.griswoldcontrols.com

Harmsco Filtration Products
North Palm Beach, FL
(800) 327-3248; (561) 848-9628

Hayward Industrial Products, Inc.
Elizabeth, NJ
(800) 859-9212
www.haywardindustrial.com

Hungerford & Terry, Inc.
Clayton, NJ
(856) 881-3200
www.hungerfordterry.com

Hydro Systems International
Plantsville, CT
(866) 864-9376; (860) 620-0393
www.hsiusa.net

Hydrotech, Inc.
Valencia, CA
(800) 356-1836; (661) 294-8888
www.hydrotechnology.com

Industrial Filter & Pump Mfg. Co.
Cicero, IL
(708) 656-7800
www.industrialfilter.com

Ion Exchange Products, Inc.
Chicago, IL
(773) 254-1300

Keystone Filter Div.
Met-Pro Corporation
Harleysville, PA
(215) 723-6751
www.met-pro.com

Krystal Klear Technologies, Inc.
A Div. of Geyer's Mfr. & Design, Inc.
Winamac, IN
(800) 869-0325
www.krystilklear.com

LAKOS
A Div. of Claude Laval Corporation
Fresno, CA
(800) 344-7205; (559) 255-1601
www.lakos-laval.com

Marlo Incorporated
Racine, WI
(888) 254-5384; (262) 681-1300
www.marlo-inc.com

Matterhorn Filter Corporation
Gardena, CA
(310) 329-8073
www.mfilters.com

Mer-Made Filter, Inc.
Denmark, SC
(803) 793-4265
www.mermade.com

Miami Filter LLC
Ft. Pierce, FL
(888) 642-6482; (772) 466-1440
www.miamifilter.com

Omnipure Filter Company
Caldwell, ID
(800) 398-0833; (208) 454-2597
www.omnipure.com

Osmonics, Inc.
Hytrex Filters Div.
Minnetonka, MN
(952) 933-2277
www.osmonics.com

Parker Hannifin Corporation
Process Filtration Div.
Indianapolis, IN
(800) 272-7537; (317) 275-8300
www.parker.com

PEP Filters, Inc.
Mooresville, NC
(800) 243-4583; (704) 662-3133
www.pepfilters.com

Plymouth Products, Inc.
Sheboygan, WI
(800) 222-7558

Puroflux Corporation
Moorpark, CA
(805) 579-0216
www.puroflux.com

RainSoft Div.
Aquion Partners L. P.
Elk Grove Village, IL
(800) 642-3426; (847) 437-9400
www.rainsoft.com

Rosedale Products, Inc.
Ann Arbor, MI
(800) 821-5373; (734) 665-8201
www.rosedaleproducts.com

RPA Process Technologies
Portage, MI
(269) 323-1313
www.rpaprocess.com

Separmatic Fluid Systems
Milwaukee, WI
(888) 389-4436; (414) 466-5200
www.separmatic.com

Serfilco, Ltd.
Glenview, IL
(800) 323-5431; (708) 998-9300
www.serfilco.com

Shelco Filters
Division of Tinny Corp.
Newington, CT
(800) 543-5843; (860) 667-6540
www.shelco.com

Smith & Loveless, Inc.
Lenexa, KS
(913) 888-5201
www.smithandloveless.com

Springsoft International, Inc.
Bloomingdale, IL
(800) 829-5001; (630) 894-5000
www.springsoftintl.com

Topway Global, Inc.
Brea, CA
(714) 255-7999
www.tgipure.com

United Industries, Inc.
Sterling, KS
(800) 835-3272; (316) 278-3160
www.towerflo.com

USFilter
Warrendale, PA
(800) 525-0658
www.usfilter.com

USFilter/Whittier, Inc.
Whittier, CA
(562) 698-9414
www.usfilter.com

Water & Power Technologies, Inc.
Salt Lake City, UT
(800) 494-2525; (801) 974-5500
www.wpt.com

Water King
Duson, LA
(337) 988-2360
www.waterking.com

WET Products and Systems
West Palm Beach, FL
(800) 684-4844; (561) 684-6300
www.waterlinktech.com

Water Right
Appleton, WI
(920) 739-9401
www.water-right.com

WaterSoft
A Div. of AMTROL Inc.
Mansfield, OH
(800) 462-3790
www.amtrol.com

Watts Premier
Phoenix, AZ
(800) 752-5582; (623) 505-1511
www.wattspremier.com

WATER FILTRATION EQUIPMENT TABLES

The following tables are based on information from manufacturers' literature, which was current when this Section was written. No attempt was made to compare various qualities of products. Refer to manufacturers' product data and samples to determine similarities and differences between products. Manufacturers named are neither recommended nor endorsed by the American Institute of Architects or ARCOM. Verify information and manufacturers' capacity to comply with indicated requirements.

WATER FILTRATION EQUIPMENT TABLES

WATER FILTRATION EQUIPMENT SCHEDULES

When only a single unit or unit size is required on a particular project, a schedule is not necessary. However, if a given project requires several units of varying sizes, characteristics, and capacities, schedules are preferred. It is the editor's option whether these schedules should appear in the Specifications or on the Drawings. Do not duplicate schedule information on both the Drawings and Specifications. If the editor wants to schedule particular units, the examples below may be used as guides.

WATER FILTRATION EQUIPMENT SCHEDULES

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